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Published on October 10, 2018 | http://doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2018.06.7283

Acupuncture for rheumatoid arthritis

Acupuntura para el tratamiento de la artritis reumatoide

Alexis Ramos, José Domínguez, Soledad Gutiérrez

Abstract

INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common inflammatory arthritis worldwide. Chronic pain leads patients to use complementary therapies, including acupuncture.

METHODS To answer this question we used Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. We extracted data from the systematic reviews, reanalyzed data of primary studies, conducted a meta-analysis and generated a summary of findings table using the GRADE approach.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We identified 7 systematic reviews including 20 studies overall, all of them randomized trials. We concluded the use of acupuncture probably has little or no impact in rheumatoid arthritis.

Problem

Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common autoimmune inflammatory arthritis in adults. Among the most frequent clinical manifestations are joint pain, swelling and stiffness. Whether due to toxicity, limited efficacy of current pharmacological alternatives, or other reasons, patients frequently seek complementary therapies in order to improve their symptoms, being acupuncture one of the most frequently used. 

Acupuncture is a classic technique of traditional Chinese medicine, which involves the insertion of needles at specific points of the body with multiple therapeutic purposes, including local or generalized analgesia. For this reason, it is suggested that acupuncture could have a benefit in the symptomatic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Methods

To answer the question, we used Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others, to identify systematic reviews and their included primary studies. We extracted data from the identified reviews and reanalyzed data from primary studies included in those reviews. With this information, we generated a structured summary denominated FRISBEE (Friendly Summary of Body of Evidence using Epistemonikos) using a pre-established format, which includes key messages, a summary of the body of evidence (presented as an evidence matrix in Epistemonikos), meta-analysis of the total of studies when it is possible, a summary of findings table following the GRADE approach and a section of other considerations for decision-making. 

Key messages

  • Acupuncture probably has little or no effect on joint pain or disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis.

About the body of evidence for this question

What is the evidence.
See evidence matrix in Epistemonikos later

We found seven systematic reviews [1],[2],[3],
[4],[5],[6],[7] that included twenty primary studies
[8],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18],
[19],[20],[21],[22],[23],[24],[25],[26],[27], of which all were randomized trials. However, this table and the summary in general are based on only two randomized trials [8],[9] that answer the question posed, that is, whether acupuncture is superior to a sham acupuncture procedure. We excluded one trial for not meeting the basic criteria of acupuncture treatment of traditional Chinese medicine [10], one trial for using electroacupuncture [11] and 16 trials for not comparing against sham acupuncture, but against methotrexate [12], nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [13],[14],[16],[17], topical ointment [18], unspecified western medicine [19],[20],[21],[22],[23],[25] or oriental medicine not specified [15],[24],[26],[27].

What types of patients were included*

The patients included in these two trials [8],[9] were men and women over 18 years, with diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, independent of disease severity or time from diagnosis.

What types of interventions were included*

Both trials [8],[9] evaluated traditional Chinese acupuncture and analgesia intervention. One trial [8] performed twenty acupuncture sessions in ten weeks, with thirty-minute needle insertion in six acupuncture points: LI11, TE5, ST36, GB34, GB36, GB39.One trial [9] performed ten sessions of acupuncture in five weeks, with twenty-minute needle insertion in 16 acupuncture points: EX1, EX27, CV6, CV12, LI4, GV4, GV14, LR3, PC6, SP6, ST36, BL11, BL20, BL22, BL23, BL60.Both trials compared against penetrating sham acupuncture and analgesia. Sham acupuncture consists in inserting needles into puncture sites that are not specific to the studied condition, outside the acupuncture points (penetrating) or with a more superficial insertion compared to the acupuncture group (non-penetrating). The two trials used sham acupuncture of the penetrating type [8],[9].

What types of outcomes
were measured

The trials evaluated multiple outcomes, which were grouped by the systematic reviews as follows:

  • Pain, using the visual analog scale (VAS)
  • Disease activity, using the Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28)
  • Improvement criteria: ACR20, ACR50
  • Functionality: Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ)

The follow-up of the trials was ten [8] and nine weeks [9].

* The information about primary studies is extracted from the systematic reviews identified, unless otherwise specified.

Summary of findings


The information about the effects of acupuncture in rheumatoid arthritis is based on two randomized trials that included 64 patients.
Both trials [8],[9] reported pain, disease activity, functionality and improvement using ACR20 criteria (64 patients). No trial evaluated improvement using ACR50 criteria and only one trial reported adverse effects [9]. 
No systematic review provided data on HAQ and ACR20 that could be re-analyzed, so the conclusions for these outcomes are presented as reported by the reviews. 

The summary of findings is as follows:

  • The use of acupuncture probably has minimal or no impact on joint pain in rheumatoid arthritis. The certainty of the evidence is moderate.
  • No information on the effect of acupuncture on ACR50 was identified.
  • The use of acupuncture might have minimal or no impact on ACR20, but the certainty of the evidence is low.
  • The use of acupuncture probably has little or no impact on DAS28 score. The certainty of the evidence is moderate.
  • The use of acupuncture might have minimal or no impact on the HAQ score, but the certainty of the evidence is low.

Following the link to access the interactive version of this table (Interactive Summary of Findings – iSoF)


Other considerations for decision-making

To whom this evidence does and does not apply
  • The evidence presented in this summary applies to men and women with rheumatoid arthritis, over 18 years of age, with no restrictions due to severity or time since diagnosis.
  • The conclusions of this summary refer to manual acupuncture of traditional Chinese medicine, without adjuvant techniques such as moxibustion, or other types of acupuncture, such as bee stings or electroacupuncture.
About the outcomes included in this summary
  • Pain assessment and improvement of functionality evaluated through VAS and Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) were chosen as critical outcomes for decision-making, according to the opinion of the authors of this summary.
  • It was decided to report ACR20, ACR50 and DAS28 which are the most commonly used scales and are composed of various aspects of the disease (ESR, sensitive joints, painful joints, among other parameters).
Balance between benefits and risks, and certainty of the evidence
  • Considering the effects of acupuncture in the studied population results in little or no relief of joint pain or in ACR20 criteria, it does not seem beneficial to perform the intervention alone.
  • Only one trial reported tingling sensation, shingles and dyspepsia as adverse effects [7], although the last two were not related to acupuncture. However, there are reports of more severe adverse effects reported for acupuncture, including infections, trauma and other less frequent [28].
  • We downgraded the certainty of the evidence in one level of for use of inadequate control (indirect evidence), since there is literature suggesting sham acupuncture may not be physiologically inert [32],[33], and that insertion of needles in unsuitable places could lead to a physiological response similar or identical to acupuncture and be ashi insertion points [35]. To date, no studies have been identified using non-penetrating simulated acupuncture, which is considered an adequate comparison and could elucidate the real effect of the intervention.
  • There is indirect evidence about the non-specific components of an acupuncture session, such as the expectations and preferences of the patients, the behavior and expectations of the therapist and the healing ritual itself, which may have effects on the outcomes of pain relief and satisfaction of the patient. No systematic review addressed this issues [28],[29],[30],[31].
  • None of the randomized trials evaluated this summary adhered to the standards for reporting interventions in specific controlled trials for acupuncture (STRICTA) [34].
Resource considerations
  • It is not clear whether the intervention has benefits in the population studied and adverse effects have been reported, so the relationship between benefits and costs is not favorable. However, the limitations of the certainty of the evidence prevent definitive conclusions.
What would patients and their doctors think about this intervention
  • With the information presented in this summary, most patients and clinicians should lean against the use of acupuncture in rheumatoid arthritis.
  • However, acupuncture is one of the complementary therapies most used by patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and most people who have received acupuncture believe that it has been effective to some degree in the management of pain [20], keeping a positive perception of the intervention.

Differences between this summary and other sources
  • The systematic reviews identified reached conclusions similar to those presented here.
  • Currently, there is no mention regarding acupuncture in the guideline of the American College of Rheumatology. 
Could this evidence change in the future?
  • The probability that future research changes the conclusions of this summary is low, due to the certainty of the existing evidence. However, it is important to note the comparison used by the trials did not correspond to an ideal comparison (i.e. non-penetrating acupuncture), so studies fulfilling this could provide relevant information.
  • We identified one ongoing systematic review [36] in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) answering the question of interest.
  • We identified two [37],[38] ongoing trials registered in the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform of the World Health Organization that answer this question.

How we conducted this summary

Using automated and collaborative means, we compiled all the relevant evidence for the question of interest and we present it as a matrix of evidence.

Follow the link to access the interactive version: Acupuncture for rheumatoid arthritis.

Notes

The upper portion of the matrix of evidence will display a warning of “new evidence” if new systematic reviews are published after the publication of this summary. Even though the project considers the periodical update of these summaries, users are invited to comment in Medwave or to contact the authors through email if they find new evidence and the summary should be updated earlier.

After creating an account in Epistemonikos, users will be able to save the matrixes and to receive automated notifications any time new evidence potentially relevant for the question appears.

This article is part of the Epistemonikos Evidence Synthesis project. It is elaborated with a pre-established methodology, following rigorous methodological standards and internal peer review process. Each of these articles corresponds to a summary, denominated FRISBEE (Friendly Summary of Body of Evidence using Epistemonikos), whose main objective is to synthesize the body of evidence for a specific question, with a friendly format to clinical professionals. Its main resources are based on the evidence matrix of Epistemonikos and analysis of results using GRADE methodology. Further details of the methods for developing this FRISBEE are described here (http://dx.doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2014.06.5997)

Epistemonikos foundation is a non-for-profit organization aiming to bring information closer to health decision-makers with technology. Its main development is Epistemonikos database (www.epistemonikos.org).

Potential conflicts of interest

The authors do not have relevant interests to declare.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Esta licencia permite el uso, distribución y reproducción del artículo en cualquier medio, siempre y cuando se otorgue el crédito correspondiente al autor del artículo y al medio en que se publica, en este caso, Medwave.

Authors

Alexis Ramos

José Domínguez

Soledad Gutiérrez

solegutier@gmail.com.

Centro Evidencia UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 476, Santiago, Chile

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History

Citation Ramos A, Domínguez J, Gutiérrez S. Acupuncture for rheumatoid arthritis. Medwave 2018;18(06):e7283 doi: 10.5867/medwave.2018.06.7283

Submission date 04/09/2018

Acceptance date 11/09/2018

Publication date 10/10/2018

Metrics

Not available at the moment.

Notes

Keywords

Acupuncture, rheumatoid arthritis, Epistemonikos, GRADE

Origin and peer review

Con revisión por pares sin ciego por parte del equipo metodológico del Epistemonikos Evidence Synthesis Project.

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