GRADE, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation.

Notes: ¹Symbols commonly used to describe the certainty of evidence in evidence profiles: high certainty ⊕⊕⊕⊕, moderate certainty ⊕⊕⊕O, low certainty ⊕⊕OO, and very low certainty ⊕OOO. ²Serious risk of bias in the studies due to unclear or inadequate randomization, intervention deviation, and outcome data. ³Serious imprecision and inconsistency were considered together, as the total sample size is small, resulting in controversial and imprecise results (with wide confidence intervals).

Notes: The outcome of interest is pain (for which no single effect estimate is available, and only a narrative synthesis of the evidence was provided).

Source: Prepared by the authors based on the study results.