Pre-bronchodilator FEV1 value in spirometry.

Serum IgE levels.

Wheezing or other alterations in pulmonary auscultation.

Pathological findings in chest X-ray or computed tomography: hyperinflation, atelectasis, and/or bronchial wall thickening.

Histological remodeling of the lower airway through bronchial lavage or biopsy.

Subjective perception of relatives or caregivers regarding the patient’s quality of life.

Caregiver stress.

Quality of life: subjective assessment or through standardized surveys.

Intensity and frequency of symptoms (dyspnea, cough, retrosternal tightness).

Exercise tolerance.

Weekly use of salbutamol as rescue medication.

Adverse effects of pharmacological treatment.